Post-vaccination allergy - manifestations on the skin

Allergic reaction after vaccination and its provocateurs

Both the primary vaccine and the repeat vaccine can cause allergies. You cannot treat vaccinations as a completely harmless procedure.

DTP vaccination

Vaccination works to prevent diseases such as whooping cough, diphtheria and tetanus. The condition is characterized by severe rashes on the skin.

Mantoux

In this case, the test is designed to determine the presence or absence of tuberculosis in the child’s body. The statistics of recent years are disappointing; almost every child has an allergic reaction to this vaccine. In this case, the papules at the injection site become larger and the puncture becomes very itchy. Headaches and general weakening of the body may occur.

Hepatitis B vaccine

The vaccination is designed to protect the child from the consequences that may arise from liver disease, including cirrhosis, a chronic form of the disease and cancer. But such vaccination is not recommended if the child is allergic to nutritional yeast.

Polio protection

There are two types of such vaccination – inactivated and oral. Each type of vaccine has different symptoms of an allergic reaction. It is not recommended to vaccinate children with allergies to antibiotics and some other medications. But even the absence of such an allergy can cause an allergic reaction in the form of a skin rash.

Tetanus shot

A child can get this type of disease even by slightly damaging the skin or a small abrasion. Therefore, this type of vaccination is carried out at a very young age. But allergic reactions after such a vaccination are very severe - from ordinary urticaria to Quincke's edema.

Is it possible to vaccinate a child with allergies?

Naturally, you need to get vaccinated, because this is a panacea for many diseases, even though the immunological drug can cause side effects. The main thing is to follow the rules described above and always inform the doctor that the child has an allergy.

Parents should not agree to complex vaccinations, which are now very popular. First of all, this is a huge burden on the child’s body, and secondly, for allergy sufferers there is a long inter-vaccination period. Therefore, you should be prepared that your child will fall behind the vaccination schedule.

Be sure to register your child with an immunologist and regularly carry out the necessary examinations in order to adjust treatment and a hypoallergenic diet in a timely manner. It is better to give preference to medicines of natural origin if there are no contraindications. After vaccination, carefully monitor your baby’s body temperature and general condition.

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Causes of allergies from vaccinations

The manifestation of any allergic reaction is associated with many factors:

very bad environmental situation
poor nutrition, which has few vitamins and micro- and macroelements beneficial to the body
hereditary factors.

There is even an opinion that it is vaccines that cause malfunctions in the body, so parents should be very careful in preparing their baby for vaccinations. There is another reason for allergies - a protein that is present in most vaccines. Namely, protein is the most common cause of an allergic reaction.

Features of vaccination of children with allergic diseases

Our clinic has drawn up diagnostic plans for examining patients and selected sets of tests that are advisable to perform before vaccination in patients at risk of severe allergic reactions to vaccine components (anaphylaxis). Allergist-immunologist specialists are able to draw up an individual vaccination plan for a child, taking into account missed doses and timing of vaccination and the composition of vaccines.

Every person wants the best for their children. People strive to protect their loved ones from danger as much as possible. One of the most serious problems in pediatric practice is infectious diseases. In the 21st century, despite all the advances in medicine, “childhood” diseases leave the most severe consequences that can last a lifetime: polio is dangerous with flaccid paralysis of the limbs, diphtheria, pneumonia, meningitis and tetanus are potentially fatal diseases, and encephalitis can develop after measles.

Modern immunomodulators, a healthy diet and lifestyle are not able to protect against infections. Before the invention of vaccination, mortality and morbidity in the human population of the 18th - 19th centuries was very high - entire cities died out, epidemics were described in fiction as terrible disasters. We must remember that all this happened in people with good genetics, despite biologically pure food without GMOs and preservatives, a low level of industry and an excellent environment.

Vaccination is the main way to reduce the incidence of vaccine-preventable diseases. There is such a thing as herd immunity, and the only way to avoid the development of pandemics in the modern world is 95% coverage of the population with preventive vaccinations. This means that not only healthy children should be vaccinated, but also children suffering from chronic diseases, in particular various allergic pathologies. For children with atopic diseases, vaccination is especially indicated, because this population has a higher risk of complications after exposure to pathogens. In children with chronic diseases with neurological pathologies, allergies, and heart defects, the risks of bacterial infections (otitis and pneumonia) exceed those of healthy people. Largely thanks to educational work, currently the attitude towards vaccination of children with allergic diseases has radically changed for the better.

However, one of the main factors contributing to a decrease in vaccination coverage remains allergic diseases and fear of possible allergic reactions during immunoprophylaxis. According to the European Center for Disease Prevention and Control, the global vaccination rate has now dropped to 78% instead of the required 90-95%. Epidemic outbreaks of measles, whooping cough and diphtheria have already begun to be registered in our country and Europe.

Children's specialists face a difficult task. On the one hand, make a decision to refuse vaccination and take responsibility in such an unfavorable epidemiological situation. On the other hand, vaccinate, fearing possible allergic reactions during immunoprophylaxis. Understanding the possible risks of immunizing children with chronic pathologies, the NKCC of Allergology and Immunology begins to carry out passive and active immunization (vaccination) at the clinic for patients with allergic diseases or with the risk of developing unwanted reactions after preventive vaccinations.

Allergic diseases are not an absolute contraindication for vaccination. As with any chronic pathology, vaccination of children suffering from allergic diseases is carried out during a period of remission (after an exacerbation) or in the stage of subcompensation against the background of basic anti-inflammatory treatment. Emergency (according to epidemiological indications) immunoprophylaxis can be carried out at any time.

However, often the cause of undesirable consequences after vaccination is not the allergic disease itself, but those components that are part of modern vaccines. From this point of view, vaccinating children with atopic diseases requires an individual, personalized approach with a careful collection of an allergic history and comparison of the obtained data with the composition of modern drugs for immunoprophylaxis. The main allergenic molecules included in modern vaccines are gelatin, ovalbumin, ovomucoid, casein, α-lactalbumin, β-lactoglobulin, latex, formaldehyde, neomycin, streptomycin kanamycin, gentamicin, polymexin B, yeast, polysorbate 80.

The clinic of the NKCC Allergology and Immunology has drawn up diagnostic plans for examining patients and selected sets of tests that are advisable to perform before vaccination in patients at risk of severe allergic reactions to the components of the vaccine (anaphylaxis). Allergist-immunologist specialists are able to draw up an individual vaccination plan for a child, taking into account missed doses and timing of vaccination and the composition of vaccines. It is important to understand that no vaccine component can be definitively identified as the cause of an allergic reaction and patients may be reactive to the actual antigen or infectious agent used in the vaccine. Therefore, in difficult cases, in accordance with clinical recommendations, the patient may be offered skin tests with vaccine components or with the native drug.

Children's immunologists and pediatricians of the National Clinical Clinical Center of Allergology and Immunology are ready to answer your questions on the clinic's website and by phone.

Maksimova A. V. Masalsky S. S.

Immunization Action Coalition [Electronic resource]: www.immunize-europe.org www (access date 09/03/2018).
Vaccines and immunizations [Electronic resource]: www.cdc.gov/vaccines (accessed 10/01/2018).
Bohlke K. et al. Risk of anaphylaxis after vaccination of children and adolescents //Pediatrics. – 2003. – T. 112. – No. 4. – pp. 815-820.
American Academy of Pediatrics. Active and passive immunization // LK Pickering, ed. Red Book: 2006 Report of the Committee on Infectious Diseases, 28th edn. Elk Grove Village, IL: American Academy of Pediatrics, 2009.
Nazarova E. V. Allergic reactions to vaccines // Effective pharmacotherapy. – 2020. – No. 24. – pp. 10-13.

Treatment of an allergic reaction after vaccination

First of all, parents should study the composition of the vaccine. If the drug contains components that can cause allergies in a child, it is better to avoid it. If a child has allergies (before and after vaccination), the child must be given antihistamines at least 5 days before.

To relieve the general symptoms of allergies in a baby, you can resort to traditional medicine recipes. For example, you can get rid of skin rashes using compresses with chamomile and string. Celery juice is used to improve general condition.

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Vaccination rules

Recommended vaccination rules

It is worth preparing yourself for the fact that if you have allergic symptoms, the pediatrician will refuse to vaccinate, since the immune system is in an unstable state, and the administered vaccine can cause side effects. This is why doctors recommend getting allergy shots when you are healthy.

If a child suffers from food allergies, and the intervals between relapses are extremely short, the following measures are recommended:

It is strictly forbidden to administer the drug during an exacerbation or earlier than two days after an exacerbation. The immune system should normalize and return to its normal functioning.
To identify the allergen, it is necessary to seek the help of an immunologist. Having received detailed information about the child’s food products, the doctor will help identify suspicious foods that are subsequently excluded from the diet.
It is imperative to inform your doctor about the presence of an allergic process, since the composition of the medicine will be individual. In this case, a complex vaccine, which is gaining popularity every day, is strictly prohibited. On the contrary, the breaks between vaccinations should be significant in order to avoid excessive stress on the child’s body.
Preparation for the procedure should consist of taking an antihistamine, calcium and following a hypoallergenic diet.
After the event, parents monitor the general condition of their baby.

Having found out whether it is possible to get a preventive vaccination for allergies, let’s summarize:

remission is an ideal state for the procedure;
It is recommended to exclude any physical activity and stressful situations;
To avoid complications and progression of the disease, it is recommended to be observed by a medical specialist.

Signs of a vaccine allergy

An allergy to the flu vaccine is manifested by the following symptoms.

Urticarial rash (urticaria). Redness and itching are the first signs of intolerance to the drug or its individual components. Urticaria is also characterized by the appearance of papules and swelling on the epidermis, which are accompanied by a feeling of heat. Urticarial rashes are observed almost immediately after the vaccine injection or within several hours.
Angioedema. This allergy attack is characterized by swelling of the subcutaneous tissue in the neck and face. The danger of Quincke's edema is that the swollen tissues compress the trachea, so a person can die from suffocation.
Toxic epidermal necrolysis. This dermatitis is the most severe because patients develop blisters filled with serous fluid on the skin that burst, forming painful ulcers. This type of allergy to vaccination is extremely rare and develops mainly 48-72 hours after the injection of the drug.
Serum sickness. This type of allergy is also extremely rare. Symptoms of the disease appear after 10 days. The allergy is accompanied by hyperthermia, lymphadenopathy and arthralgia.
Anaphylactic shock. This type of anaphylaxis is considered the most severe complication, which manifests itself in the first half hour after immunization. The patient's condition rapidly deteriorates: general weakness appears, blood pressure drops, bronchospasm develops, and the neck swells. If medical care is not provided, death occurs quite quickly.

In addition to allergies, other complications may appear after the administration of the influenza vaccine. One of these is Guillain-Barré syndrome, the incidence of which among influenza vaccine recipients is 0.8 cases per million vaccine doses administered.

Guillain-Barré syndrome is a lesion of peripheral nerves, which is manifested by weakness in the muscles of the lower and upper extremities, numbness and decreased sensitivity of the skin. This side effect occurs 10-12 days after the flu shot. Treatment of the disease is carried out in a neurological hospital. The prognosis is favorable - after recovery, all disorders disappear without a trace.