What does an immunologist do: specialized diseases and examination methods

Immunology is a branch of medical science that studies immunity, pathologies and the functioning of the immune system. This science explains the basic mechanisms for preserving biological individuality and the constancy of the internal environment of the body. Over the century of science, immunologists have solved a large number of problems and also made a number of important discoveries. Thus, in 1976, Edward Jenner developed a method of artificial immunization against smallpox. In 1800, Louis Pasteur developed the basic principles for creating vaccines against anthrax and rabies. In 1887, Ilya Mechnik discovered the phenomenon of phagocytosis. He also formulated the phagocytic (cellular) theory of immunity. In 1900, Karl Landsteiner identified the main human blood groups. Over the past one hundred and ten years, immunologists have received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine eighteen times. Thanks to immunologists, organ transplantation and blood transfusions are possible; there are vaccines against polio, diphtheria, tuberculosis and other serious diseases. The priority goals of immunology include treating AIDS, developing vaccines for various diseases, and helping people suffering from autoimmune diseases and allergies.

Is this a real specialty?

Regarding what kind of immunologist a doctor is, one may mistakenly think that he is not trained in the same way as regular doctors.

Because of this, some are afraid to go to see him, as a result of which their health suffers greatly. Let’s figure out whether it’s worth treating this specialist this way.

In fact, an immunologist, like any other specialized specialist, has a higher medical education and completed a specialized internship.

Therefore, he can and should be trusted if there are any problems with the immune system, or in order to prevent them.

He deals with problems and malfunctions of the immune system. Treats specific diseases, and also controls their progression and impact on the human body. In addition, along with scientific specialists, he is directly involved in the development of vaccines against various diseases.

An important component in the work of a specialist is control over the immunization of the entire population, namely timely vaccination during periods of exacerbation of infectious diseases. Every year the profession of this specialist becomes more and more in demand.

Main branches of immunology

What diseases does he deal with?

It is important to know about an immunologist not only who he is, but also what he treats, what diseases:

• allergic rhinitis or conjunctivitis of a seasonal nature, a reaction to flowering plants, their pollen;
• asthmatic triad - a combination of several diseases combined into one (asthma, rhinosinusitis, reaction to analgesics);
• skin rash: allergic and seborrheic dermatitis, eczema;
• chronic bronchial asthma;
• secondary immunodeficiency: often observed with psoriasis, hepatitis of groups “B” and “C” with a chronic course, as well as lichen ruber and some types of infectious and inflammatory chronic diseases;
• dysbacteriosis;
• allergic dermatitis, transmitted through household contact;
• reactions to medications, insect bites or food;
• urticaria in chronic or acute form;
• seasonal or year-round allergic rhinitis;
• constant, chronic fatigue;
• sudden cough with suffocation, for no apparent reason;
• negative reaction to the administration of certain medications;
• chronic skin diseases with the presence of purulent formations (barley, acne);
• regular itching of the skin for no apparent reason;
• bronchitis, mainly in children, in acute obstructive form.

All of the above diseases are treated directly by an immunologist, although in some clinics there is an infectious disease immunologist who is qualified in infectious diseases with immune abnormalities in the body.

TOP 10 best immunologists in Moscow - rating 2020

Agafonov Alexey Sergeevich

Official website: https://actualmed.ru/agafonov-aleksej-sergeevich/

Clinic: “Actual Medicine”

Address: Moscow, 3rd Frunzenskaya, 10

Prices: 2700 rubles

Agafonov Alexey Sergeevich has been working as an immunologist for more than 17 years. Works with patients suffering from atopic dermatitis, hay fever, bronchial asthma, urticaria, food allergies, and colon inflammation. Reached a high level of professionalism in allergen immunotherapy, immune diagnostics, and desensitization.

The doctor received his education in 2003 at the Faculty of Pediatrics at the Russian State Medical University. Alexey Sergeevich completed his internship and residency at the Morozov Children's Clinic No. 3, and his postgraduate studies at the Scientific Center for Children's Health of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences. Agafonov also has a certificate of allergist and immunologist. Since 2012, he has been working as the head physician of the multidisciplinary clinic “Actual Medicine”. She also has experience working as an immunologist and pediatrician at Kinder-Med LLC, MDGKB, and the Research Institute of Nutrition of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences. Alexey Sergeevich is the author of 30 publications in journals and conference collections, many interviews on radio and TV, and participation in clinical studies (Glaxosmithkline, USBPharma).

Gurskaya Olga Gennadievna

Official website: https://www.aidmed.ru/medic/%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F-%D0%BE%D0 %BB%D1%8C%D0%B3%D0%B0-%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8C%D0%B5%D0% B2%D0%BD%D0%B0/

Clinic: Aidmed

Address: Moscow, Fadeeva, 2

Immunologist prices: 5500 rubles

Olga Gennadievna Gurskaya is a good immunologist with 15 years of experience. He is a Candidate of Medical Sciences, a senior researcher at the Research Institute of Physics and Medicine, a member of the Association of Allergists, and the author of 25 published works.

The immunologist's specialization covers diagnosis and treatment of:

• secondary immunodeficiency conditions;
• recurrent mixed herpesvirus infections (herpes, CMV);
• bronchial asthma;
• urticaria and Quincke's edema;
• hay fever;
• allergies;
• serum sickness;
• pneumonia caused by allergens.

The main methods used by the doctor to establish a diagnosis: allergy examinations (use of skin prick tests, intradermal tests, application tests), immunological studies, PCR determination of herpes viruses in saliva, smear, blood, urine.

Olga Gennadievna graduated in General Medicine from the Kursk Medical University (2004), completed residency and postgraduate studies in the specialty of allergist and immunologist. Qualification in postgraduate courses was completed in a similar direction at the Research Institute of Physico-Chemical Medicine, Sechenov and Mechnikov University. Gurskaya received her practical skills at the clinic of the Research Institute of Physics and Chemistry No. 20, then at the Guta Clinic in Moscow.

Lada Tikhomirova

Official website: https://ladadoctor.com/

Clinic: "Author's School of Family Health"

Prices: 4000 rubles

Lada Tikhomirova is a pediatrician, immunologist, and naturopath. Author of "Dr. Lada's School of Family Health", coach for mothers. Professional interests are focused on clinical immunology. The doctor examines, treats pathologies that develop due to failures of immune mechanisms, and carries out immunological manipulations necessary for therapy and/or prevention.

Tikhomirova completed her education at the Pirogov Russian State Medical University (1995) at the Faculty of Pediatrics. Completed residency in dermatovenerology in 1997. The doctor underwent professional retraining through courses at the Institute of Immunology. Second higher education received in practical psychology at Moscow State University of Culture and Culture (2005).

In Moscow, Tikhomirova worked as a researcher at the laboratory of cellular immunity at the Gamaleya Research Institute, a cosmetologist at the Inna salon, a venereologist at KVD No. 23, a doctor of Oriental medicine at the medical center, and an immunologist at the Invitro clinic. I have experience writing articles in magazines.

Chuvirov Gennady Nikolaevich

Official website: https://medbiospectr.ru/personal/person/chuvirov_gennadiy_nikolaevich/

Clinic: "MedBioSpectrum"

Address: Moscow, Kashirskoe highway, 24, building 8

Prices: 1600 rubles

Chuvirov Gennady Nikolaevich - immunologist with 28 years of experience, candidate of medical sciences. Professionally performs diagnostics and therapy of allergic diseases (rhinitis, dermatitis, urticaria), herpes viruses, and practices combined treatment of viral infections in frequently ill people. Helps overcome immunological disorders in children and adults.

Gennady Nikolaevich completed his training at the Pirogov Moscow State Art Institute. Employees of the Medbioextrem Institute of Federal Administration helped Chuvirov improve his qualifications. The degree of “Candidate of Medical Sciences” was awarded at the Ivanovsky Institute of Virology of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences (1979). In 2020, on the basis of the Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution, Gennady Nikolaevich received additional professional education at the Academy of Postgraduate Education of the Federal State Budgetary Institution Federal Scientific and Clinical Center FMBA on issues of allergology and immunology.

Immunologist Zuikova Irina Nikolaevna

Official website: https://www.nrcii.ru/struktura-instituta/otdelenie-allergologii-6/vrachi-otdeleniya-allergologii-6/

Clinic: FSBI "SSC Institute of Immunology" FMBA of the Russian Federation

Address: Moscow, Kashirskoe highway, 24

Prices: 3000 rubles

Zuikova Irina Nikolaevna works as a senior researcher at the department of allergists and immunologists at the Institute of Immunology of the Federal Medical and Biological Agency of Russia. He has the status of Candidate of Medical Sciences and is a member of the RAACI.

Areas of interest include diagnosis and treatment of a number of diseases:

• viral infections (herpes simplex, herpes zoster);
• papillomas;
• chronic inflammation of the genitourinary system;
• lesions of the upper respiratory tract;
• systematic pregnancy failure, infertility.

Irina Nikolaevna provides individual treatment for chronic allergies, bronchial asthma, urticaria, hay fever. Creates treatment regimens to improve immunity for frequent colds and herpes.

Zuykova draws her information component from clinical residency, postgraduate studies in allergology, clinical immunology, graduating in 2004 from the State Scientific Center Institute of Immunology of the Federal Medical and Biological Agency of Russia. The immunologist has 15 years of practical experience.

Tyuleneva Ekaterina Borisovna

Official website: https://gvmrussia.ru/doctors/tyuleneva,-catherine-b.html

Clinic: GVM

Address: Moscow, 1st Smolensky Lane, 7

Prices: 3000 rubles

Ekaterina Borisovna Tyuleneva has been treating diseases that cause a decrease in immunity for more than 20 years, identifying the causes of infectious lesions, colds, and frequent illnesses in children. Provides comprehensive treatment and prevention of allergic conditions, including hay fever. Selects individual treatment regimens for chronic latent infections. There is also experience in correcting the immunity of cancer patients in the interval between chemotherapy courses. An immunologist guides and treats couples suffering from problems with conception, missed abortions, and spontaneous miscarriages.

Tyuleneva received her education at the Yaroslavl Medical University, taking a course in general medicine (1993). For residency, Ekaterina Borisovna chose the course "Therapy", and residency - "Allergology". In 2005, he was chosen as a graduate student in the Department of Allergology and Clinical Immunology at the Sechenov Medical Academy. In 2020, as an immunologist at the Family Doctor clinic, Ekaterina Borisovna improved her qualifications at the Russian Academy of NPOs.

Simonova Albina Valerievna

Official website: https://www.smclinic.ru/rezume/simonova-alla-valerevna/

Clinic: “SM-Clinic”

Address: Moscow, Raskova lane, 14/22

Prices: 4550 rubles

Simonova Albina Valerievna - Doctor of Medical Sciences, professor, author of a monograph, 3 manuals, creator of 300 scientific works. He has been working as an immunologist for 46 years. Accepts patients with frequent exacerbations of chronic inflammation or recurring infections, furunculosis, acute and chronic viral diseases, bronchial asthma. Treats bacterial infections (chlamydia, mycoplasmosis, ureaplasmosis), immunodeficiency conditions. Helps get rid of drug, food, household allergies, atopic dermatitis, urticaria. Eliminates chronic fatigue syndrome.

Important! When diagnosing and treating Simonova, she is guided by the “Immune Map”, molecular genetic techniques, assesses the state of the intestinal microbiota, and pays special attention to viral and bacterial infections.

Albina Valerievna received a diploma confirming her medical specialization in 1975, after graduating from the Pirogov Medical Institute. In 1984, Simonova became a candidate of medical sciences, 7 years later she defended her doctoral work on the clinical significance of the immunogram, and in 2003 she received the status of professor in the field of immunology. Currently works at the medical holding SM-Clinic.

Chuvirov Denis Gennadievich

Official website: https://www.nrcii.ru/struktura-instituta/otdelenie-immunopatologii-detej-3/vrachi-otdeleniya-immunopatologii-detej-3/

Clinic: FSBI "SSC Institute of Immunology" FMBA of the Russian Federation

Address: Moscow, Kashirskoe highway, 24

Prices: 1800 rubles

Chuvirov Denis Gennadievich is an allergist, working at the Institute of Immunology of the Federal Medical and Biological Agency of Russia since 2001. Engaged in scientific and therapeutic activities on specialized diseases, conducts clinical studies. Writes scientific publications (portfolio includes more than 50 articles, 3 monographs).

The doctor has been conducting educational activities since 1989, having graduated from the Pirogov Russian State Medical University with a course in pediatrics. Chuvirov completed his residency and postgraduate studies in immunology. In 2020, Denis Gennadievich improved his knowledge of the pediatrics course.

The doctor's areas of interest include diagnostic and therapeutic procedures related to allergies and immunological diseases. The immunologist selects individual therapy for patients suffering from chronic allergies, bronchial asthma, urticaria, and hay fever. Uses innovative solutions to restore immunity in case of frequent colds and progression of herpes viruses.

Abidov Admir Musaevich

Official website: https://www.doctor-admir.com/

Clinic: Vitalis

Address: Moscow, Gilyarovskogo, 53

Prices: 5,450 rubles

Abidov Admir Musaevich is an immunologist with 13 years of experience. Author of 2 foreign and five domestic patents. Developed the drug "Galavit" and "Tamerit", lyophilized forms of aminophthalhydrazides.

The doctor's specialization includes diagnosis and treatment of chronic inflammation of internal organs, bronchopulmonary disorders, and gastrointestinal pathologies. Admir Musaevich is engaged in the rehabilitation of patients undergoing chemotherapy, treating patients suffering from autoimmune pathologies, diabetes mellitus, infectious and parasitic attacks. Conducts rehabilitation of patients after myocardial infarction.

A doctor graduated from the Sechenov Moscow Medical Academy (2005), he completed his residency and postgraduate studies at the Department of Hospital Therapy of Internal Medicine. Work experience covers the specialization of an ordinary immunologist, deputy director of the Research Institute of Immunopathology of the Russian Academy of Natural Sciences, deputy head for scientific works of the bio-medical department at the Moscow Institute of Physics.

Shcherbina Anna Yurievna

Official website: https://www.fnkc.ru/index.jsp?load=spec&id=31&square_id=2

Clinic: Rogachev National Medical Research Center for Children's Orthopedics

Address: Moscow, Samory Machela, 1

Prices: 1200 rubles

Shcherbina Anna Yurievna - Doctor of Medical Sciences, professor, pediatrician, allergist, immunologist. Work experience 28 years. Areas of interest: allergic rhinitis, conjunctivitis, bronchial asthma, atopic dermatitis, HIV. With pathogenesis, primary immunodeficiency states of adults and children (including congenital neutropenia and autoinflammation), it is also worth making an appointment with Shcherbina.

Anna Yuryevna studied at the Russian State Medical University (1992), specializing in pediatrics, State Institution “Research Institute of Pediatric Hematology” - residency in the field of allergology and immunology. The doctor's work experience is quite varied. Shcherbina worked as a researcher at the Research Institute of Pediatric Hematology (1992-1998), a researcher at the Center for Blood Research in the USA, head of the department of immunology at Speransky State Budgetary Institution No. 9, head of the department for optimization of therapy, clinical immunology, deputy director of the Institute of Hematology of the Federal State Budgetary Institution Scientific Center for Emergency Medicine.

Specialist for children

A pediatric immunologist is qualified not only to vaccinate children, but also to treat various immunological diseases. If your baby has been experiencing an unreasonable cough or skin rash of an allergic nature for a long time, then it is necessary to consult a pediatric allergist-immunologist as soon as possible, because what he treats is very important.

During the initial examination and through medical history, the specialist examines the symptoms of an infectious or viral disease. After examination, the child may be diagnosed with the following pathological abnormalities:

• a seasonal reaction that may manifest itself as skin rashes, cough or rhinitis;
• chronic respiratory diseases: bronchial asthma, obstructive bronchitis;
• intestinal diseases;
• diseases of the ENT organs;
• serious disturbances in the functioning of the immune system, which can be either acquired or congenital;
• recurrent skin diseases (dermatitis, eczema);
• poisoning of the body with harmful substances.

Diagnostics

This specialist has several laboratory and instrumental methods to establish an accurate diagnosis. Among them:

• Comprehensive determination of immune and interferon status.
• A scratch test is an allergy test, the essence of which is to introduce an allergen by means of a superficial scratch and observe the local reaction.
• Prick test ─ application of an allergen to the skin using a puncture.
• Taking scrapings from the skin or mucous membranes for cytological examination (from the oral cavity, external auditory canal).
• Determination of sensitivity to allergens.
• Bacteriological blood culture.
• PCR diagnostics and serological studies. They allow you to accurately determine the type of pathogen, virus or bacteria.
• Test for inhibition of natural leukocyte migration with various drugs.
• Bronchoscopy is an examination and assessment of the condition of the mucous membranes of the trachea and bronchi using a special device.
• Computer spirometry ─study of external respiratory function with tests (to detect hidden bronchospasm).
• X-ray of the lungs.
• Analysis of stool for dysbacteriosis.

If necessary, the immunologist refers the patient for consultation with doctors of other specialties: otolaryngologist, ophthalmologist, allergist, dermatologist.

When to see a doctor

It is necessary to contact an immunologist if your own condition or the well-being of the child raises some concerns, and there are problems with making an appropriate diagnosis. Often, doctors themselves recommend visiting this specialist to confirm or, conversely, refute the diagnosis.

Adults are advised to consult a doctor if the following symptoms occur:

• increased body temperature (slight), the condition lasts at least 3 days, for no apparent reason;
• rapid fatigue, even from minor mental or physical stress;
• violation of sleep and rest patterns, the patient constantly wants to sleep throughout the day;
• poor general health, body aches;
• regular colds, at least 5 times a year, occurring spontaneously and without reason;
• skin rashes of various types: acne or herpes virus;
• purulent diseases on the mucous membrane of the mouth and sinuses;
• significant changes in general blood and urine tests; indicators may be overestimated or, on the contrary, underestimated;
• regular recurrent manifestations of diseases;
• the body does not accept various antiviral drugs;

Children need to consult a doctor when they experience the following symptomatic manifestations:

• for regular diseases of the ENT organs;
• with frequent otitis media and inflammatory processes of the middle ear;
• lesions of the mucous membranes of the oral cavity (stomatitis, thrush);
• regular purulent diseases (sore throats, abscesses);
• causeless diarrhea and stool disorders;
• relapses of herpes viruses;
• if, due to regular viral infections, the child begins to lose significant weight;
• with regular allergic reactions that are difficult to treat;
• There are problems with vaccination, for example, after vaccination there is a negative reaction to the vaccine.

If there are cases of immunodeficiency in the family, then consultation with an immunologist is necessary during pregnancy.

Tests for which it is recommended to visit a doctor

To diagnose various pathological processes in the human body, certain laboratory tests are necessary, which can help make an appropriate diagnosis and prescribe the correct treatment. Therefore, some are rightly interested in what tests to go to an immunologist for.

List of tests that are best to have with you at the initial consultation:

• allergen tests;
• immune complex;
• interleukins level;
• immunoglobulin classes;
• blood complements C3- and C4-;
• general urine and blood tests;
• sensitivity of leukocytes to interferons;
• activity of leukocytes in the phagocytic plane;
• an analysis that determines the number of leukocytes in the blood, as well as their subpopulation.

Additional studies are prescribed directly by the attending physician, depending on the type of suspected diagnosis and methods of further treatment.

Appointment with an immunologist

An appointment with an immunologist consists of a direct examination of the patient, as well as identifying complaints and negative environmental factors. Most often, an immunologist is consulted in a hospital when the disease has lasted for quite a long time, but the appointment can also take place in a clinic.

The immunologist begins the appointment by interviewing the patient and identifying complaints.

The immunologist's office does not require special equipment.

The patient interview should determine:

1. Duration of the disease.
2. Presence of relapses.
3. Subjective symptoms.
4. The presence of genetic or hereditary diseases.
5. Standard of living.
6. Food quality.
7. Having bad habits.

To treat patients, an immunologist prescribes immunostimulants

Even a preliminary diagnosis is possible only after laboratory diagnostics. There are no specific symptoms for immunological pathologies.

Treatment is prescribed experimentally. The basis of therapy for this specialist is the use of immunosuppressants (for hyperreactivity of defense mechanisms) and immunostimulants (for reduced immune reactions). In addition, additional drugs can be used, but their choice is individual for each clinical case.

An adult immunologist often treats patients whose disease has already been identified at an earlier age.

An adult immunologist treats previously identified diseases

What examination is prescribed?

To make a reliable diagnosis, in addition to laboratory tests, additional diagnostic methods may be needed. List of tests an immunologist prescribes:

• a blood test, preferably from a vein, to obtain general information about the functioning of the body;
• testing the skin for major allergens (pollen, feathers, animal hair, dust);
• cytological scrapings from the oral cavity and nasal sinuses are necessary to determine the presence of fungal infections;
• crops from the throat of the nose, mouth, as well as the ears and conjunctiva;
• diagnosing food and drug allergies;
• measurement of general indicators: pulse, heart rate, blood pressure.

If necessary, the doctor can use the palpation method, prescribe x-rays, cardiograms, and ultrasound examinations.

How to identify a possible allergen?

Let's be more specific about what actions an allergist-immunologist takes? Now you know what it treats, all that remains is to understand how. Most often, visits to this specialist are associated with questions about various manifestations of allergies. To successfully treat a disease, it is extremely important to determine the factor that provokes the disease. The following medical techniques can be used to search for a potential allergen:

• Elimination tests. They are carried out under the condition of constant contact with a possible food source of the reaction. They consist of adjusting the diet and removing allergens from the menu. If external manifestations decrease, the test can be considered positive.
• Provocative research. They are used only as a last resort, when other studies do not clarify the situation, and are carried out strictly under the supervision of a specialist. The essence of the test is the contact of the suspected allergen and a person.
• Laboratory tests for antibodies. To conduct the experiment, you must donate blood from a vein. The doctor’s task is to identify immunoglobulin antibodies based on the data obtained, and to determine the presence or absence of any allergy based on their quantity.
• Skin tests. They are considered the most simple, practical and at the same time effective. A small amount of the potential allergen in liquid form is applied to the outer surface of the skin, a careful incision or injection is made into it, and then the reaction is observed. If the result is positive, slight local swelling or redness may be observed.

Useful tips for patients

It is important to know not only what an immunologist does, what he does, but what recommendations he can give to patients. Not many people understand what to do with a weakened immune system during exacerbations of viral infections, or how to protect their family from constant colds. Therefore, in this case it is necessary to listen to the advice of an immunologist:

1. Many parents are of the opinion that it is better not to send their children to kindergarten, as they will constantly get sick, but this is a big misconception. The fact is that a child’s body is not yet able to produce antibodies to various viruses, and when he goes to kindergarten, he often begins to get sick. This is not bad, as experts say. During illnesses, the immune system begins to fight viruses and over time develops immunity to various infections. If a child was often sick in kindergarten, then he will subsequently be sick less at school age.
2. If an adult gets sick often and for no reason, this may indicate poor immunity. You can figure out exactly what the problem is only by consulting an immunologist and undergoing a full examination.
3. During periods of exacerbation of various viral infections, it is necessary to support your immune system. To do this, experts recommend avoiding large crowds of people, as well as diversifying your diet (eating plenty of seasonal fruits and vegetables).
4. Stressful situations play an important role in the functioning of the immune system. With regular stressful situations - at home, at work, at school or kindergarten - the body becomes vulnerable to various viruses and infections.
5. One of the most famous ways to strengthen the body is hardening , which is available to everyone. You can teach a child to harden from the age of 4, but you shouldn’t force him to immediately douse himself with cold water, for this you should come up with a fun and interesting game.

Only an experienced immunologist can answer the question of why the immune system is weak. There are a huge number of methods for strengthening the body, but it is best to initially undergo an examination and consult with a specialist to identify the exact cause of regular colds and sudden allergic reactions.

Recommendations

The advice of an immunologist is aimed at maintaining immunity. These include:

1. Healthy lifestyle. Proper nutrition, an active lifestyle, and hardening are integral components of the normal functioning of the immune defense. The presence of all necessary nutrients in the human diet ensures a sufficient number of produced leukocytes and lymphocytes, which are the basis of the immune system. In addition, hardening and physical activity increase the body’s resistance to negative external factors and train the adaptive and compensatory properties of organs.
2. Sanitation of chronic foci of infection. If you have carious teeth or chronic tonsillitis, then it is necessary to take measures to eliminate them. The lack of therapeutic measures can lead to sensitization of the body.

   
   Timely treatment of carious teeth will help avoid the development of infectious diseases

3. House cleaning. There are a large number of pathogenic microorganisms in the environment that can affect the state of immunity. Regular cleaning will help reduce their number.

What diseases fall within the competence of an immunologist, the doctor explains in the following video: